![]() ![]() The average concentration of PFOS in the groundwater down-gradient of the site was 22 μg/l (6.5–44.4 μg/l), accounting for 71% of the total PFAS concentration. PFOS accounted for 96% of the total PFAS concentration in the soil with concentrations ranging from <0.3 μg/kg to 6500 μg/kg. Detailed mapping of the soil and groundwater at the FTF field site in 2016, revealed high concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The contaminant situation at a Norwegian firefighting training facility (FTF) was investigated 15 years after the use of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) based aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) products had ceased. BDE-47, chlorinated, and alkyl OPFRs were the main contaminants in the fish samples. The PBDEs levels in the muscle, gills, and viscera of the crucian carp ranged from 10.6 to 90.6 ng g⁻¹ lw, n.d. BDE-209 was dominant in the sediment samples with concentrations ranging from n.d. to 48.7 ng g⁻¹ in the Jinjiang river water and sediment, respectively. Brominated flame retardants were not detected in the groundwater, whereas the NBFRs detected in aquatic environment at low frequency. The halogenated OPFRs were the primary pollutant in the Jinjiang river water samples, whereas nonhalogenated OPFRs were the dominant OPFRs in the sediments. OPFRs were predominant and ubiquitous contaminants in the Jinjiang river water, sediment, groundwater, fish muscle, fish gills, and viscera with concentrations ranging from 19.1 to 533 ng L⁻¹, 12.5 to 253 ng g⁻¹, 11.7 to 149 ng L⁻¹, 114 to 2108 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight (lw), 220 to 638 ng g⁻¹ lw, and 116 to 1356 ng g⁻¹ lw, respectively. The occurrence and spatial distribution of 13 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), 11 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and eight novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were investigated in Jinjiang river water, sediment, crucian carp, and groundwater in Chengdu, China. #Vimr ostrava professionalTherefore, we suggest including additional information for health providers about the health effects of BFRs in continuing education programmes organized by Croatian medical associations, nurse associations and other professional bodies as well as in existing high school and university education programmes for health professionals. Participants expressed a moderate interest in the topic, regardless of the profession or field of medicine. Neither age nor interest in the topic was significantly correlated with the correctness of answers. ![]() The results of our study indicate that health providers’ knowledge of BFR exposure is lacking, as evidenced by the high frequency of incorrect responses, irrespective of the field of medicine or profession. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed with the STATISTICA 13 software. ![]() The instrument was a questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic questions, a BFR knowledge test and a BFR attitude assessment. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from December 2017 to November 2018 with a sample of 400 health care providers. The aim of this study was to assess Croatian health care providers’ knowledge of exposure to BFRs and their attitudes towards the responsibility to inform the public about the possible negative effects on human health. The exposure of pregnant and lactating women and their children to environmental contaminants such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is a subject of international concern, but the perception of these contaminants by health providers has not been extensively investigated. We conclude with options for how governments and industry can apply the class-based approach, emphasizing the importance of eliminating non-essential uses of PFAS, and further developing safer alternatives and methods to remove existing PFAS from the environment. Examples are provided of how some PFAS are being regulated and how some businesses are avoiding all PFAS in their products and purchasing decisions. Specifically, the high persistence, accumulation potential, and/or hazards (known and potential) of PFAS studied to date warrant treating all PFAS as a single class. The basis for the class approach is presented in relation to their physicochemical, environmental, and toxicological properties. The class includes perfluoroalkyl acids, perfluoroalkylether acids, and their precursors fluoropolymers and perfluoropolyethers and other PFAS. This commentary presents a scientific basis for managing as one chemical class the thousands of chemicals known as PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances). ![]()
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